India was a typically backward economy at the time of Independence in 1947. Due to poor technological and scientific capabilities, industrialisation was limited and lop-sided. Agricultural sector exhibited features of feudal and semi-feudal institutions, resulting into low productivity. Means of transport and communications were underdeveloped. Educational and health facilities were grossly inadequate and social security measures were virtually non-existent. In short, the country suffered from the twin problems of rampant poverty and widespread unemployment, both making for low general standard of living. After 65 years of development efforts, India is presently one of world's fastest growing economies. Lately, it has emerged as a global economic power, the leading outsourcing destination and a favourite of international investors. Exuding confidence in the future of the Indian economy, Finance Minister P. Chidambaram in his Budget Speech to the Parliament on 28 February 2013 observed, "We are the tenth largest economy in the world. We can become the eighth, or perhaps the seventh, largest by 2017. By 2025, we could become a US$ 5 trillion economy, and among the top five in the world. What we will become depends on us and on the choices that we make." India is a Union of States with a federal set up. Politically, the country is divided into 28 States and 7 Union Territories, collectively called the Republic of India. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, fisheries, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. The Constitution of India, the longest and the most exhaustive constitution of any independent nation in the world, was adopted on 26 November 1949, and became operative on 26 January 1950. It provides for two layers of Government, one at the Central level, and the other at the level of the States. A federal polity of this kind requires division of powers and responsibilities between the Centre and the States. Hence, the Constitution describes in detail the legislative powers and functions of the two tiers of Government. Part I of this book provides sector-wise economic survey of India. The sectors covered are: (a) human and natural resources, (b) poverty and economic planning, (c) agriculture and rural development, (d) industry and minerals, (e) infrastructure development and services, (f) fiscal policy, (g) monetary policy and credit management, (h) financial institutions and financial markets, (i) labour and employment, (j) health security, (k) education and training, (l) empowerment of disadvantaged, (m) environment policy, and (n) foreign trade and investment. Part II is devoted to State-wise economic survey. All the 28 states of India have been surveyed alphabetically. From the largest to the smallest, each state has its own unique history, culture, demography, and socio-economic objectives and challenges. Hence, there are variations in their physical, social and economic characteristics. Thus, Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state with a headcount of 19.95 crore as per 2011 Census while Sikkim is the least populated state with merely 6.1 lakh people. In terms of area, Rajasthan is the largest with 3,42,239 square kilometres of territory whereas Goa is the smallest state with only 3,702 square kilometres of land. Similarly, Goa had the highest per capita net state domestic product (NSDP) of ' 1,92,652 at current prices in 2011-12 while it was lowest for Bihar at ' 23,435 for the same year. Likewise, Kerala ranked at the top in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) with a score of 0.790 in 2011 while Chhattisgarh was at the bottom with a score of 0.358, the national average being 0.467. Part III presents economic survey of 7 Union Territories, taken separately and in alphabetical order. Like states, Union Territories also exhibit diverse physical features and economic characteristics. Part IV contains socio-economic statistics of States and Union Territories pertaining to population, area, birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, literacy rate, net state domestic product, per capita net state domestic product, revenue receipts, and human development index. Information contained in this book was collected chiefly from publications and websites of various Ministries/Departments of the Government of India, Planning Commission of India, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), National Portal of India, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), and official websites of State Governments and Union Territories.

Availability of adequate, efficient and affordable infrastructural facilities -- power, transport, communications, irrigation and others -- constitutes the core of development strategy and efforts. Unfortunately, infrastructural bottlenecks remain the biggest stumbling block of industrial progress in India. By their very nature, infrastructure projects involve huge initial investments, long gestation periods and high risk. Various initiatives have been taken for the development of infrastructure in India after the initiation of economic reforms in the early 1990s. India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) was incorporated on January 5, 2006 to lend funds, of longer term maturity, directly to the eligible projects to supplement other loans from banks and financial institutions. Broad guidelines were issued on September 23, 2011 for setting up Infrastructure Debt Funds (IDFs) to facilitate flow of funds into infrastructure projects. Electricity Act, 2003 recognises trading of power as a distinct activity and permits State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) to allow open access in distribution of electricity in phases that would ultimately encourage efficiency and competition. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) was launched by the Prime Minister on April 4, 2005. This scheme is for rural electricity infrastructure and household electrification. The National Highways Development Project (NHDP) the largest highway project ever undertaken by the country is being implemented by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). National Telecom Policy, 2011 seeks to maximize public good by making available affordable, reliable and secure telecommunication and broadband services across the entire country. Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 seeks to promote value addition component in exports, generate employment and mobilise foreign exchange. Planning Commission, Government of India, in its Approach Paper released in October 2011 has projected an investment in infrastructure of over ' 45 lakh crore (about US$ 1 trillion) during the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17). It is projected that at least 50 percent of this investment will come from the private sector as against the 36 percent anticipated in the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12). This book provides an exhaustive and analytical account of various facets of infrastructure development in India. It contains 32 chapters which are categorised under the following 8 theme parts: Part I: Infrastructure and Economic Development. Part II: Energy Needs, Sources and Management. Part III: Transport Services. Part IV: Telecommunications, Information Technology (IT), Postal Services, and Broadcasting. Part V: Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Part VI: Water Resources and Irrigation. Part VII: Rural Infrastructure and Services. Part VIII: Urban Infrastructure and Services. Besides, there are 9 Appendices which contain varied information on infrastructure in India.

Pregnancy is a dynamic physiological state evidenced by several transient changes. This can develop as various physical signs & symptoms that can affect the patients health, perceptions & interactions with others in environment. Patient may not always understand the relevance of their body's adaptations to her fetus's health. A gestational woman requires various levels of support throughout this time, such as medical monitoring or intervention, preventive care, physical & emotional assistance. The pregnant patient requires special attention to dental management. The dental care for the mother with a developing fetus must be considered carefully before each encounter. Occasionally, the patient's underlyng medical conditions or status of her pregnancy may limit the comprehensive care options available. Dentists, for example may delay certain elective procedures to coinside with periods of pregnancy devoted to maturation versus organogenesis. Other times, dental care professional need to alter their normal pharmacological armamentarium to address patient needs versus fetal demands.

Maxillary teeth are among the teeth with the highest incidence of periodontal bone loss and tooth loss. Following the removal of posterior dentition, a combination of horizontal and vertical alveolar bone resorption with maxillary sinus expansion frequently results in lack of bone. This results in the wide spread treatment need to restore masticatory function in the posterior maxilla.Since the introduction of sinus graft technique by TANTUM in 19863; BOYNE AND JAMES in 19804; various types of graft materials, implants and procedural modifications have been proposed to improve the efficacy of the therapy. Maxillary SINUS grafting has become a routine treatment over the last ten years. It allows the placement of dental implants using simultaneous or staged procedures in sites in posterior maxilla that were previously considered unsuitable for implant placement because of insufficient bone volume The procedure is referred to as one stage when the implants and graft are placed simultaneously; while in two stage procedure, implantplacement is delayed for several months to allow for graft maturation.